From Farm to Fork: Analyzing Cold Chain Innovations in Agricultural Supply Chains and Its Implications on Post-Harvest Losses in India

Abstract

Cold chain systems play a crucial role in minimizing post-harvest losses and enhancing efficiency in agricultural supply chains, particularly in developing economies such as India. This study examines the structure and evolution of cold chain innovations across India’s agricultural supply chains from a comprehensive farm-to-fork perspective and assesses their implications for reducing post-harvest losses and improving supply chain efficiency. The research adopts a mixed data approach, utilizing both secondary data from government reports, international organizations, and industry publications, as well as primary data collected from 300 stakeholders including farmers, traders, and logistics operators. Trend analysis of secondary data examines the growth of cold chain infrastructure and storage capacity during 2015–2025, while comparative and content analysis methods help identify regional disparities, sectoral variations, and policy implementation gaps. Primary data analysis employs descriptive statistics and non-parametric inferential techniques to evaluate the adoption levels of cold chain innovations and their relationship with supply chain performance and post-harvest losses. The findings indicate a steady expansion of cold chain infrastructure in India, driven by government initiatives and increased private sector participation. Statistical analysis of primary data reveals a significant negative relationship between the availability of cold chain infrastructure and post-harvest losses, confirming that improved infrastructure increases supply chain efficiency and reduces the waste of perishable commodities such as fruits, vegetables, and fish. However, the study also identifies persistent structural challenges, including regional imbalances, limited technological adoption, and inadequate last-mile connectivity, which constrain the overall effectiveness of cold chain systems. The study concludes that cold chain innovations have a substantial and positive impact on reducing post-harvest losses and strengthening agricultural supply chain efficiency in India. Nevertheless, achieving sustainable and inclusive farm-to-fork integration requires a greater focus on integrated multi-commodity infrastructure, equitable regional development, technological advancement, and coordinated policy implementation.